Oncology symptoms: skin changes

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Oncology symptoms: skin changes

I. Introduction: Leather – mirror of internal health and oncological anxiety

The skin, the largest organ of the human body, performs many vital functions, including protection against the external environment, temperature regulation and the synthesis of vitamin D. It also serves as an indicator of the general state of health. Changes in the skin, such as new moles, spots, ulcers or changes in existing formations, can be symptoms of various diseases, including cancer. Understanding the connection between skin changes and oncological diseases is crucial for early diagnosis and successful treatment. In this article, we will examine in detail the various skin changes that can be associated with cancer, including their appearance, causes and diagnostic methods. We will also discuss the importance of regular self -examination of the skin and timely seeking a doctor if suspicious changes are detected.

II. Primary skin crayfish: direct malignant defeat

Primary skin cancers occur directly from the skin of the skin and include basal cell carcinum (BKK), flat cell carcino (PKK) and melanoma. Each of these types of cancer has its own unique characteristics and symptoms.

A. Basal cell carcinoma (BKK): The most common skin cancer

BKC is the most common type of skin cancer and usually develops in areas of skin, which are prolonged with prolonged exposure to sunlight, such as the face, neck and hands.

• Appearance: BKK is often manifested in the form of a small, mother -of -pearl or wax cone. It can be flat, skin color or brownish. Blood vessels can be visible on the surface of the tumor. Some BKCs bleed and are covered with a crust, without healing for several weeks. Sometimes BKK looks like a scar, hard and flat.
• Symptoms: In addition to appearance, BKK can cause itching, burning or pain. However, in most cases, BKC does not cause any symptoms except visible skin changes.
• Reasons: The main cause of BKK is a prolonged effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or solariums. Genetic predisposition and light skin also increase the risk of BKK.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis of BKC usually includes a visual examination of the skin and a biopsy, in which a small sample of tissue is taken for a microscopic examination.
• Options by BKK options: There are various BKK options, including nodular, superficial, morphe -like and pigmented BKK, each of which has its own appearance.

B. Placellor carcinoma (PKK): aggressiveness and metastasis

PKK is the second most previous type of skin cancer and can be more aggressive than BKK, with the potential for metastasis, that is, spread to other parts of the body.

• Appearance: PKK usually manifests itself in the form of a solid, red node covered with scales or a crust. It may look like an open ulcer that does not heal. PKK often develops in areas of skin, which have been exposed to prolonged exposure to sunlight, such as the face, ears and arms.
• Symptoms: PKK can cause pain, itching or bleeding. In some cases, PKK may be painful to the touch.
• Reasons: The main cause of PKK is also a long-term exposure to UV radiation. Other risk factors include the effects of carcinogenic chemicals, radiation, chronic inflammatory skin diseases and a weakened immune system.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis of PKK is similar to the diagnosis of BKK and includes visual inspection and biopsy.
• Risk of metastasis: The PKK has a higher risk of metastasis than BKK, especially if it develops on lips, ears or in places of scars.

C. Melanoma: The most dangerous skin cancer

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer, since it has a high potential for metastasis and can be deadly if it is not detected and not treated at an early stage.

• Appearance: Melanoma often develops from existing moles, but can also arise as a new education on the skin. Signs indicating that a mole can be melanoma include:
  • Asymmetry: One half of the mole is not like another.
  • Uneven edges: The edges of the moles are blurry, gear or fuzzy.
  • Uneven color: The mole has several colors such as black, brown, red, white or blue.
  • Diameter: A mole is more than 6 mm in diameter (although melanomas can be less).
  • Evolution: The mole changes in size, shape, color or height.
• Symptoms: In addition to changes in appearance, itching, bleeding or pain can cause melanoma.
• Reasons: The main cause of melanoma is the effect of UV radiation, especially sunburn in childhood. Genetic predisposition, bright skin and the presence of a large number of moles also increase the risk of melanoma.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis of melanoma includes visual examination of the skin, dermatoscopy (using a special magnifying device for examining moles) and biopsy.
• Types of melanoma: There are various types of melanoma, including superficially spreading with melanoma, nodal melanoma, lentig-melanoma and aral lentiginozoic melanoma, each of which has its own characteristics.

III. Skin manifestations of internal malignant tumors: when the skin signals the problems inside

In some cases, skin changes can be a sign of cancer, which arose in another place of the body (inner cancer) and spread to the skin (metastatic skin cancer) or caused skin changes that are not associated with direct skin lesions with cancer cells (paranoplastic syndromes).

A. Metastatic skin cancer: the spread of malignant cells

Metastatic skin cancer occurs when cancer cells from the primary tumor in another organ spread to the skin.

• Appearance: Metastatic skin lesions can appear in the form of knots, cones, ulcers or spots on the skin. The appearance of metastatic lesions depends on the type of primary cancer. For example, metastatic cancer of the mammary gland is often manifested in the form of dense, painless nodules on the skin of the chest or near the scars from mastectomy. Metastatic lung cancer can appear in the form of rapidly growing nodules on the scalp or neck.
• Symptoms: Metastatic skin lesions can cause pain, itching or bleeding. In some cases, they can be painless.
• Reasons: Metastatic skin cancer occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and spread through blood or lymph vessels to the skin.
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis of metastatic skin cancer includes a biopsy of skin lesions and a histological examination to determine the type of cancer cells. Visualizing research, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can also be conducted, to detect the primary tumor.

B. Paranoplastic syndromes: indirect skin manifestations of cancer

Paranoplastic syndromes are a group of states that occur as a result of cancer, but are not associated with direct tissue damage to cancer cells. These syndromes are caused by substances produced by cancer cells, such as hormones, antibodies or cytokines. Some paranoplastic syndromes are manifested in the form of skin changes.

• Acanthosis Nigricans: It is characterized by the appearance of dark, thick, velvety spots on the skin, especially in the folds of the skin, such as armpits, groin and neck. Acanthosis nigricans is often associated with insulin resistance, but can also be a sign of internal malignant tumors, especially adenocarcine of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Dermatomyositis: Inflammatory disease of muscles and skin. The skin manifestations of dermatomyositis include heliotropic rash (reddish-purple rash around the eyes), gottron papules (red, scaly tubercles on knuckles) and leather telarytasia (expanding small blood vessels on the skin). Dermatomyositis can be associated with various types of cancer, including lung cancer, ovaries, mammary gland and stomach.
• Erythema Gyratum Repens: A rare paranoplastic disease characterized by rapidly spreading erythematous (red) stripes on the skin, which form concentric or tree -like patterns. Erythema gyratum repens is almost always associated with internal malignant tumors, especially lung cancer.
• Sweet’s syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis): It is characterized by the sudden appearance of painful, red, edematous plaques and knots on the skin, accompanied by fever and an increased level of leukocytes in the blood. Sweet’s Syndrome can be associated with hematological malignant tumors, such as leukemia and lymphoma.
• Paraneoplastic Pemphigus: A rare autoimmune skin disease characterized by the formation of painful bubbles and erosion on the skin and mucous membranes. Paraneoplastic Permphigus is associated with various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia and Castleman disease.
• Acquired Ichthyosis: It is characterized by dry, scaly skin, reminiscent of a fish of scales. Acquired ICHTHYOSS can be a sign of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
• Pruritus (in the paw): Generalized itching of the skin without visible rashes can be a sign of Hodgkin lymphoma, polycythemia faith or pancreatic cancer.

IV. Other skin changes associated with oncology: consequences of treatment and genetic predisposition

In addition to primary skin crayfish and skin manifestations of internal malignant tumors, there are other skin changes that can be associated with cancer.

A. Skin side effects of cancer treatment

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy can cause various skin side effects, such as:

• Radiation dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin in the area of ​​irradiation, characterized by redness, dryness, itching and peeling. In severe cases, radiation dermatitis can lead to the formation of bubbles and ulcers.
• Chemotherapeutic rashes: Various types of rashes that can occur as a result of chemotherapy, such as maculopapulus rash, aciniform rash and ladown-landing syndrome (hand-footing syndrome).
• Alopecia (hair loss): The overall side effect of many chemotherapeutic drugs.
• Changes in nails: Chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause nail changes, such as color change, stratification and the formation of the grooves.

B. Genetic syndromes predisposing to cancer and skin manifestations

Some genetic syndromes are associated with an increased risk of cancer and skin manifestations.

• Basaltic nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome): Genetic syndrome, characterized by the development of multiple BKK, jaw cysts and other abnormalities.
• Pigment Xeroderm: A genetic disease characterized by increased sensitivity to UV radiation and an increased risk of skin cancer.
• Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1): A genetic disease, characterized by the development of multiple neurofiber (benign tumors of the nervous tissue) and spots of the color “coffee with milk” on the skin. NF1 is also associated with an increased risk of developing other types of cancer.
• Paititsa-Segers syndrome: A genetic disease, characterized by the development of gamarrtic polyps in the gastrointestinal tract and dark spots on the skin and mucous membranes (especially around the mouth and fingers). Paitz-Egers syndrome is associated with an increased risk of developing gastrointestinal cancer, mammary gland and ovary.

V. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis: identification of oncological causes

Diagnosis of skin changes associated with oncological diseases requires a thorough examination and, often, additional studies.

A. Assembly of an anamnesis and physics examination

An important first step is the detailed collection of patient history, including the history of diseases, family history of cancer, the effects of UV radiation and taking drugs. Then, a thorough physical examination of the skin is carried out, including an assessment of size, shape, color and texture of skin lesions.

B. Dermatoscopy

Dermatoscopy is a non -invasive method that uses a special magnifying device (dermatoscope) to inspect the skin. Dermatoscopy can help identify signs of skin cancer, which are not visible to the naked eye.

C. Skin biopsy

Skin biopsy is the most important diagnostic method for identifying skin cancer. During the biopsy, a small sample of tissue is taken from the affected area of ​​the skin and sent to a pathological laboratory for microscopic examination. A pathologist can determine whether the cells are cancer, and if so, what type of skin cancer.

D. Visualizing research

In some cases, visualizing studies such as CT, MRI or positron emission tomography (PET) may be required, to assess the spread of cancer and detect the primary tumor with suspected metastatic skin cancer or paranooplastic syndrome.

E. Differential diagnosis

It is important to differentiate skin changes associated with cancer, from other skin diseases, such as infections, inflammatory skin diseases and benign skin tumors.

VI. Self -examination of the skin and preventive measures: Early detection – the key to success

Regular self -examination of the skin and the adoption of preventive measures are crucial for the early detection and prevention of skin cancer.

A. How to conduct a self -examination of the skin

• Conduct a self -examination of the skin at least once a month.
• Inspect all the skin, including the face, neck, arms, legs, back, chest, stomach and genitals.
• Use the mirror to examine hard -to -reach areas of the skin, such as the back and back of the legs.
• Pay attention to any new moles, spots, ulcers or changes in existing moles.
• Use the ABCDE rule to evaluate moles:
  • Asymmetry
  • BErovary edges
  • Ccolorfulness
  • Diameter (more than 6 mm)
  • Evolume (change in size, shape or color)
• If you notice any suspicious skin changes, see a doctor immediately.

B. preventive measures

• Avoid the effects of UV radiation: Limit the time of stay in the sun, especially from 10:00 to 16:00.
• Use sunscreen: Apply a wide range of a wide spectrum of action with SPF 30 or higher for all open areas of the skin at least 15 minutes before the sun. Apply the sunscreen every two hours, especially after swimming or sweating.
• Wear protective clothes: Wear a wide -brimmed hat, sunglasses and clothes with long sleeves to protect the skin from the sun.
• Avoid solariums: Solariums use UV radiation, which can increase the risk of skin cancer.
• Visit a dermatologist regularly: Regular skin examinations of a dermatologist can help identify skin cancer at an early stage when it is easier to treat. This is especially important for people with a high risk of developing skin cancer, such as people with light skin, a family history of skin cancer or a large number of moles.

VII. Conclusion: Attentiveness to the skin – the key to health

Skin is an important indicator of general health, and skin changes can be a sign of various diseases, including cancer. The early detection of skin cancer and skin manifestations of internal malignant tumors is crucial for successful treatment. Regular self -examination of the skin, taking preventive measures and timely seeking a doctor if suspicious changes in the skin can help prevent the development of skin cancer and improve the treatment of cancer. Remember that attentiveness to the skin is the key to health.