Oncology: Cancer and Environment

I. Introduction: complex interconnection

Cancer, one of the most common and deadly diseases in the world, is a complex multifactorial process. The genetic predisposition plays a significant role, but more and more studies emphasize the critical role of the environment in the development and progression of cancer. The environment in this context covers a wide range of factors, including air and water pollution, the effects of chemicals, radiation, diet, lifestyle and infection. Understanding this relationship is key to developing effective strategies for prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this extensive study, we will delve into the complex relations between cancer and the environment, exploring specific carcinogenic factors, their mechanisms of action, risk groups and strategies for minimizing the impact.

II. Atmospheric pollution and oncological diseases

Air pollution, both in rooms and outdoors, is a serious threat to public health and a significant risk factor for the development of various types of cancer. The main pollutants include solid particles (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (No.2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), benzene, formaldehyde and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAU).

Solid particles (PM2.5 and PM10): These microscopic particles, which are formed as a result of fuel burning, industrial processes and soil erosion, penetrate deep into the lungs and cause chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage. Studies clearly associate the chronic effect of PM2.5 with an increased risk of lung cancer, especially adenocarcinoma. PM10, although larger, also contributes to the development of respiratory diseases and can indirectly increase the risk of cancer.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAU): PAU is formed with incomplete combustion of organic substances, such as coal, oil, gas and wood. They are widespread in the environment and enter the human body through inhaled air, food and skin. Some PAU are proved by carcinogens that activate enzymes that metabolizes PAU in reactive epoxids, which can be associated with DNA and cause mutations leading to lung cancer, skin, bladder and other organs.
Asbestos: Despite the restrictions and prohibitions in a number of countries, asbestos remains a significant risk factor for the development of mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura, pericardium or pericardium) and lung cancer. Asbestos fibers inhaled into the lungs cause chronic inflammation and scarring, leading to malignant cell transformation.
Radon: Radon is a radioactive gas formed as a result of the collapse of uranium in the soil and rocks. He can penetrate the houses through cracks in the foundation and cracks. Radon is the second most important factor in the risk of developing lung cancer after smoking, especially among smokers.
Air pollution in the premises: In closed rooms, air pollution can be significantly higher than on the street, especially when using wood furnaces, kerosene lamps, smoking and insufficient ventilation. Biofuel used for cooking and heating in developing countries is a serious source of solid particles and other carcinogens.

III. Water pollution and oncological risks

Water pollution is another serious problem that affects human health and increases the risk of cancer. Pollution sources include industrial drains, agricultural waste, wastewater and toxic leaks.

Arsenic: Arsenic is a natural element that can pollute groundwater, especially in some regions of Asia, Latin America and Africa. The chronic effect of arsenic through drinking water is associated with an increased risk of skin cancer, bladder, lungs, liver and kidneys. The mouse carcinogenic mechanism includes DNA reparation disruption, DNA methylation and oxidative stress induction.
Nitrate: Nitrates are widely used in agriculture as fertilizers. They can penetrate into groundwater and pollute drinking water. In the human body, nitrates can turn into nitrites, which, in turn, can react with amines, forming N-nitrosis compounds (NOC). Some NOC are powerful carcinogens and are associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer, colon and esophagus.
Chlorination of water: Chlorination of water is necessary to destroy pathogenic microorganisms, but it can also lead to the formation of by -disinfection (PPD), such as trigalometers (TGM) and haloxus acids (GKK). Some studies show that prolonged use of chlorinated water with high levels of PPD can slightly increase the risk of bladder and colon cancer.
Industrial pollutants: Industrial drains may contain a wide range of toxic substances, including heavy metals, pesticides, solvents and organic pollutants. Some of these substances, such as benzene, vinyl chloride and polychlored diphenyls (PHD), are famous carcinogens.
Microplastic: Water pollution with microplastics is becoming an increasingly serious problem. Microplastics may contain toxic additives and adsorb other pollutants from the environment. Currently, data is not enough to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of microplasty for humans, but animal research shows that it can cause inflammation, oxidative stress and DNA damage.

IV. Radiation and oncology

Radiation, both ionizing and non -ionizing, is a well -known risk factor for cancer.

Ionizing radiation: Ionizing radiation has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules, causing damage to DNA and other cellular structures. Sources of ionizing radiation include:
- Natural radiation: Cosmic radiation, radiation from soils and rocks (Radon, Uranus, Toria).
- Medical radiation: X -rays, computed tomography (CT), radiotherapy.
- Industrial sources: Nuclear power plants, radioactive waste.
- Nuclear disasters: Chernobyl accident, Fukushima accident.
The effect of ionizing radiation is associated with an increased risk of leukemia, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and other types of cancer. The risk depends on the dose of irradiation, age at the time of irradiation and genetic predisposition.
Non -ionizing radiation: Nononizing radiation has insufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms, but it can have a biological effect, such as tissue heating. Sources of non -ionizing radiation include:
- Ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Sunlight, solariums.
- Radio frequency radiation: Mobile phones, Wi-Fi, microwave ovens.
- Electromagnetic fields (EMP): Power lines, household electrical appliances.
UV radiation is the main risk factor for the development of skin cancer, including basal cell cancer, flat cell cancer and melanoma. The chronic exposure to UV radiation causes DNA damage, suppression of the immune system and skin inflammation. The question of carcinogenic potential of radio frequency radiation and EMP remains the subject of discussions and research. Some studies show that prolonged and intensive use of mobile phones can slightly increase the risk of glioma (brain cancer), but additional studies are required to confirm these results.

V. Nutrition and risk of cancer

Diet plays an important role in the development and prevention of cancer. Some products and food habits can increase the risk of cancer, while others can have a protective effect.

Processed meat: The international cancer study (IARC) classified processed meat (sausages, bacon, ham, smoked meat) as a carcinogen for humans. The use of a large amount of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of colon, stomach and prostate cancer. Carcinogenic mechanisms include the formation of NOC, heterocyclic amines (GCA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAU) in the processing and preparation of meat.
Red meat: The use of a large amount of red meat (beef, pork, lamb) is also associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. Carcinogenic mechanisms can be associated with a high iron content, which can catalyze the formation of free radicals, as well as with the formation of GCA and PAU in the preparation of meat.
Alcohol: The use of alcohol is a proved risk factor for the development of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, liver, mammary gland and colon. The risk increases with an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed. Alcohol carcinogenic mechanisms include the formation of acetaldehyde (toxic alcohol metabolite), DNA damage, DNA reparation and an increase in the permeability of the mucous membrane for other carcinogens.
Sugar and refined carbohydrates: Diets with a high sugar content and refined carbohydrates can contribute to the development of cancer by increasing the level of insulin and growth factors stimulating cell proliferation. In addition, such diets can lead to obesity, which is an established risk factor for the development of many types of cancer.
Fried and smoked food: When frying and smoking of food, carcinogenic substances are formed, such as GCA and PAU. Regular use of fried and smoked food is associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer, colon and lungs.
Mold on products: Some types of mold growing on food can produce mycotoxins, such as Aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are powerful carcinogens and are associated with an increased risk of liver cancer.
Protective products: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes can reduce the risk of cancer. These products contain antioxidants, phytochemicals and fiber, which can protect cells from DNA damage, suppress inflammation and stimulate the immune system.

VI. Professional carcinogens

Some professions are associated with an increased risk of cancer due to the effects of specific carcinogens in the workplace.

Shakhters: Miners working in coal and ore mines are exposed to radon, asbestos, silica and other carcinogenic substances, which increases the risk of lung cancer, mesotheliomas and silicosis (chronic lung disease).
Builders: Builders are exposed to asbestos, silica, solvents and other chemicals, which increases the risk of lung cancer, mesotheliomas and skin cancer.
Working chemical industries: The chemical industry workers are exposed to a wide range of carcinogenic substances, including benzene, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde and PHD, which increases the risk of leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer and other types of cancer.
Agricultural workers: Agricultural workers are exposed to pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals, which increases the risk of leukemia, lymphoma, prostate cancer and skin cancer.
Medical workers: Medical workers working with ionizing radiation (X -rays, CT) are at risk of developing leukemia and thyroid cancer.
Hairdressers and cosmetologists: Hairdressers and cosmetologists are exposed to chemicals contained in hair dyes, hair varnishes and other cosmetics, which can increase the risk of bladder cancer and lung cancer.

VII. Infections and cancer

Some infections are associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.

Human papilloma virus (HPV): HPV is the most common cause of cervical cancer. It is also associated with cancer of the anal canal, cancer of the oropharynx, vaginal cancer and penis cancer. Vaccination against HPV is an effective way to prevent these types of cancer.
Hepatitis B virus (VGV) and hepatitis C virus (HCC): The chronic infection of HBV and HCV is the main cause of liver cancer. Vaccination against HRV and treatment of HCCs can significantly reduce the risk of developing liver cancer.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori): H. Pylori is a bacterium infecting the stomach. H. pylori chronic infection is associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer and stomach lymphoma (Malt-lymphoma). Treatment of H. pylori with antibiotics can reduce the risk of developing these types of cancer.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): HIV weakens the immune system, which increases the risk of developing some types of cancer, such as Kaposhi sarcoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, non -Rhodkhkinsky lymphoma and cervical cancer.

VIII. Lifestyle and oncological risk

Life plays a significant role in the development and prevention of cancer.

Smoking: Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer, and is also associated with cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, bladder, kidneys, pancreas, stomach, cervix and leukemia. The cessation of smoking is the most important step that a person can take to reduce the risk of cancer.
Obesity: Obesity is an established risk factor for the development of many types of cancer, including breast cancer, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer and gallbladder cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight with a diet and physical exercises can reduce the risk of developing these types of cancer.
Sedentary lifestyle: A sedentary lifestyle is associated with an increased risk of colon cancer, breast cancer and endometrial cancer. Regular physical exercises can reduce the risk of developing these types of cancer.
Sunsmate: Excessive exposure to sunlight increases the risk of skin cancer. The use of sunscreen, wearing protective clothing and avoiding sunburn can reduce the risk of skin cancer.
Dream: Sleep disorders and insufficient sleep duration can be associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, including breast cancer and colon cancer. Maintaining a regular sleep mode and sufficient sleep duration can help reduce risk.

IX. Genetic predisposition and interaction with the environment

The genetic predisposition plays an important role in susceptibility to cancer, but the interaction between genes and the environment often determines whether cancer will develop.

Genetic mutations: Some genetic mutations significantly increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer. For example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Mutations in the TP53 gene are associated with an increased risk of developing various types of cancer.
Genetic polymorphism: Genetic polymorphism, or variations in genes, can affect the susceptibility to cancer when exposed to certain environmental factors. For example, people with certain genetic polymorphisms can be more susceptible to carcinogenic effects of air pollution or tobacco smoke.
Epigenetic changes: Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, can affect the expression of genes without changing the DNA sequence. Environmental factors, such as air pollution, diet and stress, can cause epigenetic changes that can increase or reduce the risk of cancer.

X. Cancer Prevention: Environmental minimization strategies

Effective prevention of cancer requires a multifaceted approach, including a decrease in the effects of carcinogenic environmental factors, a change in lifestyle and screening to early detection of cancer.

Reducing air pollution: Measures to reduce air pollution include a transition to cleaner energy sources, improving public transport, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and restricting emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles.
Providing pure drinking water: Measures to ensure pure drinking water include water treatment, protection of water sources from pollution and monitoring of water quality.
Reduction of radiation exposure: Measures to reduce the effects of radiation include testing houses on Radon, limiting medical radiation, using sunscreen and avoiding tanning beds.
Healthy nutrition: Compliance with a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes can reduce the risk of cancer. The use of a large amount of processed meat, red meat, alcohol, sugar and refined carbohydrates should be avoided.
Physical activity: Regular physical exercises can reduce the risk of cancer. It is recommended to engage in moderate physical activity of at least 150 minutes a week or intensive physical activity of at least 75 minutes a week.
Termination of smoking: The cessation of smoking is the most important step that a person can take to reduce the risk of cancer.
Vaccination: Vaccination against HPV and HBV can prevent the development of cervical cancer, anal canal cancer, oria cancer and liver cancer.
Cancer screening: Regular screening for cancer, such as mammography, colonoscopy and papa test, can help identify cancer at an early stage when it is more treated.
Protection at the workplace: Employers must take measures to protect workers from exposure to carcinogenic substances in the workplace, including the provision of personal protective equipment, training and improvement of ventilation.

XI. Future research areas

Despite significant progress in understanding the relationship between cancer and the environment, additional studies are needed for:

Identification of new carcinogens: Research is necessary to identify new carcinogens in the environment and assess their potential risk to human health.
Studying the mechanisms of carcinogenesis: Studies are necessary to study the mechanisms by which environmental factors cause cancer, including DNA damage, epigenetic changes and inflammation.
Development of new prevention strategies: Studies are needed to develop new cancer prevention strategies aimed at reducing the effects of environmental factors and a change in lifestyle.
Personalized prevention: Studies are needed to develop personalized cancer prevention strategies based on a genetic predisposition and environmental effects.
Assessment of the effectiveness of measures to reduce exposure: Studies are necessary to assess the effectiveness of measures to reduce the effects of carcinogenic environmental factors on the incidence of cancer.

XII. Final considerations

Cancer is a complex disease, the development of which is affected by both genetic factors and environmental factors. Understanding this relationship is key to developing effective strategies for prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A decrease in the effects of carcinogenic environmental factors, a change in lifestyle and regular cancer screening can significantly reduce the risk of cancer and improve the health of the population. Continuing studies are necessary for identifying new carcinogens, studying the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and developing new cancer prevention strategies.

Oncology: Cancer and Environment

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