Bad: side effects and overdose

Bades: side effects and overdose – comprehensive analysis

Chapter 1: Introduction to biologically active additives (dietary supplements)

1. 1. Definition and classification of dietary supplements: Biologically active additives (dietary supplements) are concentrates of natural or identical to natural biologically active substances designed for direct consumption with food or introduction into food products in order to enrich the rations with individual food or biologically active substances and their complexes. They are not drugs and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. The classification of dietary supplements is diverse and can be based on various criteria:
   • By composition:
     • Vitamin complexes: Contain one or more vitamins (for example, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamins of group B).
     • Mineral complexes: Contain one or more minerals (for example, calcium, magnesium, iron).
     • Plant extracts: Contain extracts from plants (for example, echinacea extract, ginkgo biloba extract).
     • Amino acids: Contain separate amino acids or their complexes (for example, BCAA, L-carnitine).
     • Probiotics and prebiotics: Contain living microorganisms (probiotics) or substances that stimulate their growth (prebiotics).
     • Omega-3 fatty acids: Contain polyunsaturated fatty acids obtained from fish oil or vegetable sources.
     • Enzymes: Contain enzymes that improve digestion (for example, pancreatin).
   • By the form of release:
     • Tablets: Pressed powders.
     • Capsules: Gelatin membranes containing powder or liquid.
     • Powders: For dissolution in water or adding to food.
     • Liquids: Solutions or suspension.
     • Bats and chewing gums: Contain added vitamins and minerals.
   • By purpose:
     • To strengthen immunity: Contain vitamin C, zinc, echinacea.
     • To improve digestion: Contain probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes.
     • To maintain bone health: Contain calcium, vitamin D.
     • To improve brain function: Contain omega-3 fatty acids, ginkgo biloba.
     • To increase energy: Contain L-carnitine, caffeine.
2. 2. Regulation of dietary supplements in Russia and other countries: The regulation of dietary supplements varies depending on the country.
   • Russia: In Russia, dietary supplements are regulated by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor). Dietary supplements are subject to state registration before admission. The registration process includes an examination of documentation confirming the safety and effectiveness of the additive. The requirements for the marking of dietary supplements are also strictly regulated.
   • USA: In the United States, dietary supplements are regulated by the sanitary supervision of the quality of food and medicines (FDA) as food products, not medicines. This means that FDA does not require preliminary approval of dietary supplements before their entry on sale. However, manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the security and reliability of information on the label. FDA may take measures against dietary supplements if they pose a health hazard or contain false information.
   • European Union: In the EU, the regulation of dietary supplements is the subject of the national legislation of every member country. However, there are general rules regarding labeling, safety and food additives. The European Safety Agency (EFSA) evaluates the safety of food additives and ingredients used in dietary supplements.
   • Other countries: In other countries, such as Canada, Australia and Japan, there are their own dietary supplement regulation systems, which vary by severity and approaches.
3. 3. The prevalence of dietary supplements: The use of dietary supplements is becoming more and more common all over the world. Various factors contribute to this:
   • Increased interest in a healthy lifestyle: People are increasingly aware of the importance of proper nutrition and seek to complement their diet with the necessary nutrients.
   • The aging of the population: With age, the need for certain vitamins and minerals may increase, which encourages people to use dietary supplements.
   • Wide accessibility of dietary supplements: Bad can be purchased in pharmacies, healthy food stores, supermarkets and online.
   • Aggressive marketing: Manufacturers of dietary supplements are actively promoting their products, promising various health benefits.
   • Self -medication: Some people use dietary supplements to self -medicine of various diseases without seeing a doctor.
4. 4. Risks associated with the use of dietary supplements: Despite the potential advantages, the use of dietary supplements is associated with certain risks:
   • Lack of strict regulation: Unlike drugs, dietary supplements are not subject to the same strict regulation that it can lead to poor -quality products and inaccurate information on the label.
   • Interaction with drugs: Bades can interact with drugs by changing their effectiveness or causing side effects.
   • Overdose: Taking high doses of some dietary supplements can lead to an overdose and toxic effects.
   • Concreting serious diseases: The use of dietary supplements for self -medication can lead to a concealment of serious diseases and a delay in seeking a doctor.
   • Inaccurate information: Information on the benefits and safety of dietary supplements may be inaccurate or exaggerated.
   • Allergic reactions: Some dietary supplements can cause allergic reactions in sensitive people.

Chapter 2: Side effects of dietary supplements

2. 1. General side effects of dietary supplements: Side effects from taking dietary supplements can vary depending on the type of additive, dose, individual characteristics of the body and the presence of concomitant diseases. Some general side effects include:
   • Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, bloating, abdominal pain.
   • Allergic reactions: Skin rash, itching, urticaria, Quincke’s edema, anaphylactic shock (rarely).
   • Headache and dizziness: Can be caused by some stimulants or substances affecting the nervous system.
   • Sleep disorders: Insomnia, drowsiness.
   • Changes in blood pressure: Increase or decrease in blood pressure.
   • Heart rhythm disturbances: Far heartbeat, arrhythmia.
   • Bleeding: Increased bleeding, especially with simultaneous intake with anticoagulants.
   • Interaction with drugs: Strengthening or weakening of the action of drugs, increasing the risk of side effects.
3. 2. Specific side effects of various categories of dietary supplements:
   • Vitamins:
     • Vitamin A: Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, dry skin, hair loss, liver damage (at high doses).
     • Vitamin D: Nausea, vomiting, weakness, impaired appetite, increased thirst, rapid urination, calcium deposition in soft tissues (at high doses).
     • Vitamin E: Nausea, diarrhea, headache, increased bleeding (at high doses).
     • Vitamin C: Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, kidney stones (at high doses).
     • B vitamins B: Rarely cause side effects, but in high doses they can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and skin reactions.
   • Minerals:
     • Calcium: Construction, bloating, increased risk of kidney stones (at high doses).
     • Iron: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, darkening of the chair (at high doses).
     • Magnesium: Diarrhea, nausea, weakness (at high doses).
     • Zinc: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, disturbance of taste (at high doses).
     • Selenium: Hair loss, fragility of nails, dermatitis, neurological disorders (at high doses).
   • Plant extracts: Side effects depend on a particular plant. Some examples:
     • SOUTINATEA: Allergic reactions, nausea, abdominal pain.
     • Ginkgo biloba: Headache, dizziness, bleeding.
     • Ginseng: Insomnia, nervousness, increased blood pressure.
     • St. John’s wort: Increased sensitivity to sunlight, interaction with drugs.
   • Amino acids:
     • BCAA: Nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue.
     • L-Carnitin: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, the smell of fish from the body.
     • Creatine: Liquid delay, muscle cramps, increase in blood pressure.
   • Probiotics and prebiotics:
     • Probiotics: Bloating of the abdomen, gases, diarrhea (usually temporary).
     • Prebiotics: Bloating, gases.
   • Omega-3 fatty acids: Belching, nausea, diarrhea, smell of fish from the mouth, increased bleeding (at high doses).
   • Enzymes: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain (rarely).
4. 3. Factors affecting the likelihood of side effects:
   • Dose: The higher the dose of dietary supplements, the higher the probability of side effects.
   • Individual sensitivity: Some people are more sensitive to certain substances than others.
   • Age: Children and elderly people are more susceptible to side effects.
   • The presence of concomitant diseases: Some diseases can increase the risk of side effects.
   • Simultaneous medication: Bades can interact with drugs by changing their effectiveness or causing side effects.
   • Product quality: Poorive dietary supplements may contain impurities or not correspond to the declared composition, which increases the risk of side effects.
   • Duration of admission: Long -term intake of some dietary supplements can increase the risk of side effects.
5. 4. Bades and interaction with drugs: Bades can interact with drugs in various ways:
   • Pharmacokinetic interaction: Bad can affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of the drug.
     • For example, St. John’s wort can accelerate the metabolism of many drugs, reducing their effectiveness.
     • Calcium can reduce the absorption of some antibiotics.
   • Pharmacodynamic interaction: Bad can enhance or weaken the effect of the drug.
     • For example, vitamin K can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulants such as warfarin.
     • Ginkgo biloba and garlic can enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing the risk of bleeding.
   • Additative interaction: Bad and the drug have the same effect, which can lead to increased side effects.
     • For example, taking grapefruit juice and some medicines for blood pressure can lead to a sharp decrease in blood pressure.

Chapter 3: Overdose of dietary supplements

3. 1. Reasons for an overdose of dietary supplements: An overdose of dietary supplements can occur for various reasons:
   • Improper understanding of the dosage: Incorrect interpretation of instructions for use or recommendations of specialists.
   • The desire for a quick result: An increase in the dose in the hope of a faster or more pronounced effect.
   • Simultaneous reception of several dietary supplements: The total dose of certain substances may exceed permissible norms.
   • Self -medication: The use of dietary supplements without consulting a doctor and taking into account the individual needs of the body.
   • Negligence: Random execution of the dose.
   • Children’s carelessness: Random use of dietary supplements by children.
   • Lack of quality control: Some dietary supplements may contain higher doses of active substances than indicated on the label.
4. 2. Symptoms of an overdose of various categories of dietary supplements: Symptoms of an overdose of dietary supplements depend on a specific substance and dose.
   • Vitamin A: Strong headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, double -gathering, cramps, coma (in severe cases).
   • Vitamin D: Strong nausea, vomiting, weakness, impaired appetite, increased thirst, rapid urination, muscle weakness, bone pain, calcium deposition in soft tissues, renal failure (in severe cases).
   • Vitamin E: Strong nausea, diarrhea, headache, increased bleeding, muscle weakness.
   • Vitamin C: Strong diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, kidney stones.
   • B vitamins B: Rarely cause serious symptoms of overdose, but in very high doses can cause neurological disorders.
   • Calcium: Strong constipation, bloating, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle weakness, heart rate, renal failure (in severe cases).
   • Iron: Strong nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea (often with blood), drowsiness, shock, liver damage (in severe cases).
   • Magnesium: Strong diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, heart rhythm, respiratory arrest (in severe cases).
   • Zinc: Strong nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, metal taste in the mouth, fever, liver damage (in severe cases).
   • Selenium: Hair loss, fragility of nails, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, neurological disorders.
   • Plant extracts: Symptoms of overdose depend on a particular plant. For example, an overdose of ginseng can cause insomnia, nervousness, an increase in blood pressure, and an overdose of St. John’s wort – increased sensitivity to sunlight and dizziness.
   • Amino acids: Symptoms of an overdose depend on a specific amino acid. For example, an overdose of BCAA can cause nausea, abdominal pain and fatigue, and an overdose of creatine – fluid retention, muscle cramps and an increase in blood pressure.
   • Omega-3 fatty acids: Strong burden, nausea, diarrhea, smell of fish from the mouth, increased bleeding.
5. 3. First aid for an overdose of dietary supplements:
   • Assessment of the state: Assess the condition of the victim, check for consciousness and breathing.
   • Ambulance call: Call the ambulance immediately by telling which dietary supplement was taken in an excess dose and what symptoms are observed.
   • Packing packaging: Save the Bad packaging to provide information to doctors.
   • Gastric lavage: If the victim is conscious and has no contraindications (for example, seizures or violations of consciousness), you can try to cause vomiting to remove the remains of dietary supplement from the stomach. To do this, give a few glasses of warm water and press your finger on the root of the tongue.
   • Activated carbon: Give the victim activated carbon, which will help adsorb toxic substances in the gastrointestinal tract. Dosage: 1 gram of activated coal for 1 kg of body weight.
   • Establishment of peace: Provide the victim with peace and follow his condition before the ambulance arrives.
6. 4. Treatment of an overdose of dietary supplements in a medical institution:
   • Supporting therapy: Maintaining vital functions of the body, such as breathing and blood circulation.
   • Gastric lavage: If the victim turned for help within an hour after an overdose, a gastric lavage can be carried out using a special probe.
   • Activated carbon: Repeated introduction of activated coal for adsorption of toxic substances.
   • Specific antidotes: In some cases, specific antidotes can be used to neutralize the actions of certain dietary supplements.
   • Symptomatic treatment: Treatment of symptoms of an overdose such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps and heart rhythm disturbances.
   • Status Monitoring: Constant monitoring of vital indicators and laboratory indicators to assess the effectiveness of treatment and identify possible complications.

Chapter 4: Prevention of side effects and an overdose of dietary supplements

4. 1. Consultation with a doctor: Before taking any dietary supplements, you need to consult a doctor. The doctor will be able to evaluate your individual needs, identify possible contraindications and choose the most suitable additives in the optimal dosage.
5. 2. Thorough study of the instructions: Carefully read the instructions for the use of dietary supplements and strictly follow the recommended dosage. Do not exceed the dose indicated on the label.
6. 3. Buying dietary supplements in reliable places: Put dietary supplements only in pharmacies or specialized stores licensed for the sale of these products. Avoid buying dietary supplements from unverified sellers or through Internet sites offering suspiciously low prices.
7. 4. Certification check: Make sure that dietary supplement has a certificate of conformity confirming its quality and safety.
8. 5. Caution with the simultaneous admission of several dietary supplements: Be careful while taking several dietary supplements, as this can lead to an overdose of individual substances or the interaction between them.
9. 6. Accounting for related diseases and drugs: Tell the doctor about all the diseases you have and taken drugs, since dietary supplements can interact with medicines or aggravate the course of certain diseases.
10. 7. Caution when taking dietary supplements during pregnancy and breastfeeding: Pregnant and nursing women should be especially caught in the reception of dietary supplements and be sure to consult a doctor before using them.
11. 8. Storage of dietary supplements in a safe place: Keep dietary supplements in no way for children to avoid accidental use.
12. 9. Appeal for medical help when side effects appear: When any side effects appear after taking the dietary supplements, immediately stop using it and consult a doctor.

Chapter 5: Bad for children: special risks

5. 1. Children’s sensitivity to dietary supplements: Children are more susceptible to side effects and an overdose of dietary supplements than adults, due to the features of their physiology and metabolism.
6. 2. Risks of overdose: Children can accidentally or unknowingly accept a large dose of dietary supplements, which can lead to serious consequences.
7. 3. Interaction with drugs: Bades can interact with drugs that the child takes for any disease.
8. 4. Allergic reactions: Children often suffer from allergic reactions to dietary supplements than adults.
9. 5. Mandatory consultation with a pediatrician: Before giving a child any dietary supplements, it is necessary to consult a pediatrician. The doctor will be able to assess the need to accept the additive, choose the right dosage and take into account possible risks.
10. 6. Preference of specialized children’s dietary supplements: When choosing a dietary supplement for a child, you should give preference to specialized children’s additives, developed taking into account the needs of the child’s body.
11. 7. Strict dosage control: Strictly observe the recommended dosage of dietary supplements for children and do not exceed it.
12. 8. Attentive observation of the child: Carefully observe the condition of the child after taking the dietary supplement and when any side effects appear, immediately stop using it and consult a doctor.

Chapter 6: Myths and reality about dietary supplements

6. 1. Myth: Bades are completely safe products:
   • Reality: Bades are not completely safe and can cause side effects and overdose, especially if you use it incorrectly.
7. 2. Myth: dietary supplements can replace medicines:
   • Reality: Bades are not medicines and are not intended for the treatment of diseases. They can only be used as an addition to the main treatment prescribed by a doctor.
8. 3. Myth: the larger the dose of dietary supplements, the better the effect:
   • Reality: Exceeding the recommended dose of dietary supplements does not lead to an improvement in the effect, but on the contrary, increases the risk of side effects and overdose.
9. 4. Myth: All dietary supplements are equally high quality:
   • Reality: The quality of dietary supplements can vary significantly depending on the manufacturer and the raw materials used. It is important to purchase dietary supplements only in reliable places and check the presence of a certificate of conformity.
10. 5. Myth: dietary supplements do not interact with medicines:
    • Reality: Bades can interact with drugs by changing their effectiveness or causing side effects. It is important to inform the doctor about all the dietary supplements.

Chapter 7: Conclusion (absent, according to the assignment)