Oncology symptoms: symptoms in men

Oncology symptoms in men: detailed analysis

Section 1: General understanding of oncology and the specifics of male health

Oncological diseases, or cancer, are a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and the spread of abnormal cells. This uncontrolled growth can affect almost any organ or tissue in the body. In the context of male health, oncology has its own unique manifestations due to anatomical, physiological and hormonal features. Specific male organs, such as prostate glands and testicles, are susceptible to cancer diseases that are not found in women. In addition, some types of cancer, although found in both sexes, can have different symptoms, course and forecasts in men.

It is important to understand that the symptoms of oncology can be very diverse and non -specific, which complicates early diagnosis. Many symptoms can be caused by other, less serious conditions. However, knowledge of potential signs and symptoms characteristic of men is crucial for the timely seeking a doctor and increasing the chances of successful treatment. Regular medical examinations and screening research play a key role in early detection of cancer.

Risk factors for cancer in men include age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle (smoking, alcohol use, diet), exposure to harmful substances and infections. Understanding these risk factors allows men to take preventive measures and reduce the likelihood of developing cancer.

Section 2: Prostate cancer: symptoms, screening and diagnosis

Prostate cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases in men. The prostate gland is a small gland located under the bladder and surrounding the urethra, which plays an important role in reproductive function. Prostate cancer often develops slowly, and in the early stages there may not be any symptoms. However, as the tumor grows, the following symptoms may appear:

Urination problems: Difficult urination, a weak stream of urine, frequent urination, especially at night (nicturia), a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder. These symptoms are due to the fact that the tumor presses on the urethra, making it difficult to normal urine outflow.
Pain or discomfort in the pelvis: Constant pain in the lower back, hips or pelvis can be a sign of prostate cancer outside the gland.
Blood in the urine or sperm: Hematuria (blood in the urine) or hemospermia (blood in sperm) is serious symptoms that require immediate seeing a doctor.
Erectile dysfunction: Prostate cancer can affect the nerves responsible for the erection, which leads to erectile dysfunction.
Ejaculation pain: Some men may experience pain or discomfort during ejaculation.

Prostate cancer screening includes two main methods:

Blood test for prostatic specific antigen (PSA): The dog is a protein produced by the prostate cells. An increased PSA level may indicate prostate cancer, but can also be caused by other conditions such as benign prostate hyperplasia (DHCH) or prostatitis.
Finger rectal study (at): During the doctor, the doctor examines the prostate gland through the rectum to identify any seals, irregularities or other deviations.

Diagnosis of prostate cancer usually includes the prostate biopsy, which is carried out under the control of transrectal ultrasound (Trusi). During the biopsy, prostate tissue samples are taken for histological examination, which allows you to determine the presence of cancer cells and the degree of their aggressiveness (glison scale). Additional visualization methods, such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and bone scintigraphy, can be used to assess the spread of cancer outside the prostate gland.

Section 3: Yaichka cancer: symptoms, self -examination and diagnosis

Yaichk cancer is a relatively rare type of cancer that affects testicles, male reproductive organs located in the scrotum. Yaichka cancer is more common in men aged 15 to 35 years. Early detection of egg cancer is crucial for successful treatment.

The most common symptoms of testicular cancer include:

Painless seal or swelling in the testicle: This is the most common symptom of testicular cancer. The seal can be solid or soft, and usually does not cause pain.
Pain or discomfort in the scrotum or lower abdomen: Some men may experience dull pain or a feeling of heaviness in a scrotum or lower abdomen.
Increase in size or change in the shape of the testicle: The testicle can increase in size or change its shape.
Sensation of heaviness in the scrotum: The scrotum may seem more heavy than usual.
Back pain: In rare cases, egg cancer can spread to the lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity, which leads to back pain.

Self -examination of the testicles is an important method of early detection of egg cancer. It is recommended to conduct a self -examination of the testicles monthly, best after a warm shower or bath, when the skin of the scrotum is relaxed. During self -examination, it is necessary to carefully probe each testicle in order to identify any seals, irregularities or other deviations. If you find something unusual, see a doctor immediately.

Diagnosis of egg cancer usually includes:

Physical examination: The doctor will examine and probes testicles and scrotum.
Flood ultrasound examination: An ultrasound examination allows you to visualize the testicles and identify any tumors or other anomalies.
Blood test for cancer markers: Some types of testicular cancer produce cancer markers, such as Alfa-Fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The increased level of these cancer can indicate egg cancer.
Surgical head of the testicle (orchiectomy): To confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of testicular cancer, surgical removal of the testicle is usually carried out. The remote testicle is sent to a histological examination.

Section 4: lung cancer: symptoms, communication with smoking and diagnostics

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death among men. The main risk factor for the development of lung cancer is smoking. Long -term exposure to tobacco smoke damages the cells of the lungs, which leads to the development of cancer cells. However, lung cancer can also develop in non -smokers, although less often.

Symptoms of lung cancer can be non -specific and often manifest in the later stages of the disease. The most common symptoms include:

Chronic cough: A long cough that does not pass or worsens over time.
Hemopral: Expecting blood or sputum with blood.
Dyspnea: Difficult breathing or feeling of lack of air.
Pain in the chest: Constant chest pain, which can intensify when breathing or cough.
Hoarse voice: A change in the voice that becomes hoarse or hoarse.
Weight loss: Inexplicable weight loss without changing a diet or physical activity.
Fatigue: Constant fatigue and weakness.
Repeating respiratory infections: Frequent bronchitis or pneumonia.

Diagnosis of lung cancer includes:

Chest radiography: X -ray allows you to identify tumors or other anomalies in the lungs.
Computer tomography (CT) of the chest: CT provides a more detailed image of the lungs and can identify small tumors that are not visible in the x -ray.
Bronchoscopy: During bronchoscopy, a thin flexible tube with a camera at the end is introduced into the respiratory tract to examine the lungs and take tissue samples (biopsy) for histological examination.
Biopsy: The biopsy can be performed in various ways, depending on the location of the tumor. These include bronchoscopic biopsy, transstorakal biopsy (through the skin of the chest) and surgical biopsy.
Cytological examination of sputum: Analysis of sputum under a microscope can detect cancer cells.

Section 5: Colon cancer (colorectal cancer): symptoms, screening and diagnosis

Colorectal cancer is cancer that begins in the colon or rectum. Risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer include age, family history, inflammatory intestinal diseases (BCC), such as ulcer and crown disease, a high red meat diet and low fiber content, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer can be non -specific and depend on the size and location of the tumor. The most common symptoms include:

Changes in the work of the intestine: Diarrhea, constipation or change in the consistency of the chair, which continue for several weeks.
Blood in a chair or rectal bleeding: The presence of blood in a chair or rectal bleeding.
Abdominal pain: Abdominal pain, spasms or bloating.
Inexplicable weight loss: Inexplicable weight loss without changing a diet or physical activity.
Fatigue: Constant fatigue and weakness.
The feeling of incomplete bowel movements: The feeling that the intestines did not empty completely after defecation.
Anemia: Iron deficiency anemia caused by bleeding from the tumor.

It is recommended to start screening of colorectal cancer at the age of 45 years for people with average risk. Screening methods include:

Colonoscopy: Colonoscopy is a procedure in which a thin flexible tube with a camera at the end is introduced into the colon to inspect the mucous membrane of the colon and rectum and detect any polyps or other anomalies. During colonoscopy, you can remove polyps that can develop into cancer.
Sigmoidoscopy: Sigmoidoscopy is a procedure similar to colonoscopy, but it allows you to examine only the lower part of the colon (sigmoid intestine) and the rectum.
Hidden Blood Analysis (Fobt): Fobt is an analysis that allows you to identify the presence of hidden blood in the feces, which can be a sign of colorectal cancer or other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Immunochemical analysis of feces (FIT): Fit is a more sensitive test for hidden blood in feces than FOBT.
Kala DNA test: The Fecal DNA test allows you to identify the presence of mutations in DNA, which may be a sign of colorectal cancer.

Diagnosis of colorectal cancer includes:

Biopsy colonoscopy: If polyps or other anomalies are found during colonoscopy, a biopsy for histological examination is performed.
CT of the abdominal cavity and pelvis: CT is used to evaluate the spread of cancer outside the colon or rectum.
MRI of the rectum: MRI is used to evaluate the spread of colon cancer.

Section 6: skin cancer (melanoma): symptoms, ABCDE rule and diagnosis

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer. Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer, which can quickly spread to other organs. The main risk factor for the development of melanoma is the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or solariums.

Key symptoms that should be paid to:

New mole or a change in the existing mole: Pay attention to any new moles or changes in the amount, shape, color or texture of existing moles.
A mole that bleeds, itches or hurts: Any mole that bleeds, itchs or hurts should be examined by a doctor.
Mole with uneven edges: Melanomes often have uneven or jagged edges.
Mole with uneven color: Melanomas often have several colors such as black, brown, red, white or blue.
Mole is more than 6 mm in diameter: Melanomes are usually more than 6 mm in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser).

The ABCDE rule is a useful tool for detecting potential melanomas:

A (Asymmetry): Asymmetry – one half of the mole does not correspond to the other half.
B (Border): The uneven edges – the edges of the moles are uneven, jagged or blurry.
C (Color): Uneven color – the mole has several colors or an uneven color distribution.
D (Diameter): Diameter – a mole is more than 6 mm in diameter.
E (Evolving): Change – the mole changes in size, shape, color or texture.

Diagnosis of melanoma includes:

Physical examination: The doctor will examine the skin and moles.
Dermatoscopy: Dermatoscopy is a method in which a special device (dermatoscope) is used for a more detailed examination of the skin and moles.
Biopsy: If the doctor suspects melanoma, a biopsy is performed. During the biopsy, a sample of mole tissue for histological examination is taken.
Research of lymph nodes: If melanoma has spread to the lymph nodes, they can be increased. A biopsy of lymph nodes may be required.

Section 7: bladder cancer: symptoms, risk factors and diagnostics

The bladder cancer is cancer that begins in cells lining the inner surface of the bladder. The main risk factor for the development of bladder cancer is smoking. Other risk factors include the effects of certain chemicals, chronic inflammation of the bladder, radiation therapy in the pelvic area and genetic predisposition.

Symptoms of bladder cancer may include:

Blood in the urine (hematuria): This is the most common symptom of bladder cancer. Blood in the urine can be visible (macrohematuria) or discovered only with a microscopic examination (microhematuria).
Frequent urination: Frequent urination, even if the bladder is not full.
Pain during urination (dysuria): Pain, burning or discomfort during urination.
Difficult urination: The difficult start of urination or a weak stream of urine.
Low’s pain: Low’s pain may be a sign of the spread of bladder cancer.

Diagnosis of bladder cancer includes:

Urine analysis: Analysis of urine can identify the presence of blood, cancer cells or other abnormalities.
Cystoscopy: Cistoscopy is a procedure in which a thin flexible tube with a camera at the end is introduced into the bladder to examine the mucous membrane of the bladder and detect any tumors or other abnormalities.
Biopsy: If tumors or other anomalies are found during cystoscopy, a biopsy for histological examination is performed.
Intravenous pyelography (GDP): GDP is an X -ray study of the kidneys and ureters, which is carried out after the introduction of a contrast medium. GDP allows you to identify tumors or other abnormalities in the urinary tract.
CT of the abdominal cavity and pelvis: CT is used to assess the spread of cancer outside the bladder.

Section 8: leukemia (blood cancer): symptoms and diagnostics

Leukemia is a blood cancer that affects the bone marrow and leads to uncontrolled production of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells). Leukemia can be acute (rapidly progressive) or chronic (slowly progressive).

Symptoms of leukemia can be non -specific and vary depending on the type of leukemia. The most common symptoms include:

Fatigue: Constant fatigue and weakness.
Pallor: Pale skin.
Frequent infections: Frequent infections that are poorly treated.
Light bleeding or bruises: Light bleeding from the nose or gums, a slight formation of bruises.
Increased lymph nodes: An increase in lymph nodes, especially in the neck, armpits and groin.
Bone pain: Bone pain or joints.
Weight loss: Inexplicable weight loss without changing a diet or physical activity.
Night sweating: Strong sweating at night.

Diagnosis of leukemia includes:

Blood test: A blood test can detect an abnormal amount of leukocytes, red blood cells (red blood cells) and platelets.
Myelogram (bone marrow puncture): Myelogram is a procedure in which a sample of bone marrow is taken for research under a microscope. Myelogram allows you to determine the type of leukemia and the degree of its prevalence.
Biopsy of lymph nodes: If the lymph nodes are increased, a biopsy can be performed to exclude lymphoma.

Section 9: lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system): Symptoms and diagnosis

Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. The lymphoma can be the Hodgkinsky lymphoma (lymphoma of Hodgkin) or non -Kindkin lymphoma.

Symptoms of lymphoma may include:

Increased lymph nodes: A painless increase in lymph nodes, especially in the neck, armpits and groin.
Fatigue: Constant fatigue and weakness.
Night sweating: Strong sweating at night.
Weight loss: Inexplicable weight loss without changing a diet or physical activity.
Itching of the skin: Itching of the skin that does not pass after the use of creams or lotions.
Fever: Inexplicable fever.

Diagnosis of lymphoma includes:

Physical examination: The doctor will examine and probe the lymph nodes.
Biopsy of lymph nodes: The biopsy of lymph nodes is the main method of diagnosis of lymphoma. During the biopsy, a sample of the tissue of the lymph node for histological examination is taken.
CT of the chest, abdominal cavity and pelvis: CT is used to assess the spread of lymphoma.
PET-CT (positron emission tomography with computed tomography): PET-KT is a method that allows you to identify cancer cells in the body.
Myelogram (bone marrow puncture): In some cases, a myelogram may be required to assess the lesions of the bone marrow.

Section 10: General symptoms of cancer and the importance of early diagnosis

In addition to specific symptoms associated with specific types of cancer, there are general symptoms that may indicate an oncological disease. These symptoms can be non -specific and can be caused by other conditions, but their appearance should be the reason for seeking a doctor. The general symptoms of cancer include:

Inexplicable weight loss: Loss of 10% or more body weight without changing a diet or physical activity.
Constant fatigue: Fatigue that does not pass after rest and is not associated with any known causes.
Fever: Inexplicable fever, which is not associated with infection.
Pain: Constant pain, which is not treated with conventional analgesic drugs.
Skin changes: Changes in the color or texture of the skin, the appearance of new moles or a change in existing moles.
Non -healing ulcers: Ulcers that do not heal for several weeks.
Chronic cough or hoarse voice: Long -term cough or hoarse voice, which are not associated with a cold or influenza.
Changes in the work of the intestines or bladder: Diarrhea, constipation or change of stool consistency, as well as frequent urination or pain during urination.

Early diagnosis of cancer is crucial for successful treatment. The sooner cancer is detected, the higher the chances that it will be successfully cured. Regular medical examinations and screening studies play an important role in early detection of cancer. It is important to pay attention to any changes in your health and see a doctor immediately if you notice any unusual symptoms. Do not postpone the visit to the doctor, even if you think the symptoms are not serious. Early diagnosis can save your life.

Regular screening studies, such as a blood test for the PSA to detect prostate cancer, colonoscopy to detect colorectal cancer and self -examination of testicles to detect egg cancer, can help identify cancer in the early stages when it is most amenable to treatment. In addition, it is important to lead a healthy lifestyle, avoid smoking, use alcohol in moderation, adhere to a healthy diet and regularly play sports in order to reduce the risk of cancer. Remember that knowledge is power, and knowledge of the symptoms of cancer can help you take timely measures and protect your health.

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