Oncology: Cancer prevention

Oncology: Cancer prevention – myth or reality

I. Cancer: Global Perspective

Cancer, a collective designation for a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and the spread of abnormal cells, is one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) evaluates that millions of new cases of cancer are registered annually, and this figure, unfortunately, continues to grow. This is due to various factors, including aging of the population, a change in lifestyle and the impact of environmental factors. Understanding the global load of cancer is crucial for the development of effective prophylaxis and treatment strategies. Different types of cancer have different indicators of incidence and mortality in different geographical regions, which emphasizes the importance of adapting preventive measures to specific groups of the population and their unique risk factors. For example, lung cancer remains a serious problem in countries with a high level of smoking, while cervical cancer is disproportionately affecting women in limited access to screening and vaccination. Understanding these regional differences is the first step in developing targeted and effective cancer prevention strategies. Global cooperation and data exchange are necessary to track the incidence of cancer, identify new risk factors and evaluate the effectiveness of preventive measures.

II. Risk factors for cancer: a variety of landscape

The risk of cancer is determined by the complex interaction of genetic, environmental and behavioral factors. Although a genetic predisposition plays a certain role, especially in some types of cancer, the vast majority of cancer cases are associated with factors that can be changed. Understanding these risk factors is the key to the development of effective prevention strategies.

A. Modified risk factors:

Smoking: Smoking is a leading cause of cancer around the world responsible for a significant part of cases of lung cancer, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidneys, pancreas and stomach. Chemicals contained in tobacco smoke damage DNA and interfere with normal cellular processes, increasing the risk of malignant transformation. Refusal of smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of cancer, and advantages apply to all, regardless of the age or duration of smoking. Secondary tobacco smoke is also a risk factor for cancer, especially in children. Complex measures to combat tobacco, such as raising taxes on tobacco products, the ban on advertising and the provision of smoking services, are crucial to reduce the prevalence of smoking and prevent the tangible cancers. In addition, electronic cigarettes, although often advertised as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, still contain harmful chemicals and can increase the risk of cancer, especially with prolonged use.
Diet and food: Diet plays an important role in the development and prevention of cancer. A diet with a high content of processed products, red meat and sugar is associated with an increased risk of developing several types of cancer, including cancer of the colon, breast, prostate gland and pancreas. Conversely, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low -fat proteins can help reduce the risk of cancer. Fruits and vegetables contain antioxidants that help protect the cells from damage caused by free radicals. Fiber contained in whole grains contributes to healthy digestion and can help reduce the risk of developing colon cancer. The restriction of alcohol consumption is also important, since alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing oral cancer, esophagus, liver, breast and colon. Maintaining a healthy weight is also crucial, since obesity is a risk factor for the development of several types of cancer, including breast cancer, colon, endometrium, kidneys and esophagus.
Physical activity: Regular physical activity is associated with a decrease in the risk of developing several types of cancer, including cancer of the colon, breast, endometrium and prostate. Physical activity helps to maintain healthy weight, strengthens the immune system and reduces the level of hormones that can contribute to cancer growth. It is recommended to strive at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity or 75 minutes of intensive intensity of aerobic exercises per week, as well as for strength training at least two days a week. Even a slight increase in physical activity can be beneficial.
The effect of ultraviolet radiation: The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and solariums is the main cause of skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell cancer and flat cell cancer. Skin protection from UV radiation is the key to preventing skin cancer. This includes wearing protective clothing, using Sunscare with SPF at least 30 and avoiding tanning beds. It is important to remember that UV radiation can penetrate the clouds, so sunscreen should be used even on cloudy days. Regular self-examination of the skin is also important for identifying any new or changing moles that can be a sign of skin cancer.
Infections: Some infections are associated with an increased risk of cancer. For example, the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, as well as cancer of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and oropharynx. Vaccination against HPV can help prevent these types of cancer. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus can cause liver cancer. Hepatitis B vaccination and hepatitis C treatment can help prevent liver cancer. Helicobacter pylori bacterium can cause stomach cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection can help prevent stomach cancer. HIV/AIDS increases the risk of developing some types of cancer, such as Kaposhi sarcoma and non -Rhodkhkinsky lymphoma.
Environmental impact: The impact of certain chemicals and environmental pollutants is associated with an increased risk of cancer. For example, the effect of asbestos is associated with lung cancer and mesothelioma. The impact of radon is associated with lung cancer. The effect of benzene is associated with leukemia. It is important to minimize the effects of these chemicals and environmental pollutants. This may include taking measures to improve the quality of air and water, the use of protective equipment at the workplace and avoiding the effects of known carcinogens.

B. Unhanged risk factors:

Age: The risk of cancer is increased with age. This is due to the fact that over time the cells accumulate DNA damage, and the immune system becomes less effective in identifying and destroying cancer cells. Although we cannot stop the aging process, we can take measures to maintain good health as we grow up, such as regular examinations, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and timely seeking a doctor with any alarming symptoms.
Genetics: Some types of cancer can be associated with genetic mutations inherited from parents. For example, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of breast cancer and ovary cancer. If your family has cases of cancer, it is important to discuss your medical history with your doctor. You may need genetic testing to determine whether you are at risk of cancer, and develop a preventive strategy.
Medical history: The presence of certain diseases, such as inflammatory intestinal diseases, can increase the risk of cancer. Regular examinations and screening can help identify cancer at an early stage when it is easier to treat.

III. Cancer screening: Early detection is the key to survival

Cancer screening includes cancer search for people who have no symptoms. The purpose of the screening is to identify cancer at an early stage, when it is easier to treat. There are various types of screening tests for various types of cancer.

A. Breast cancer screening:

Mammography: Mammography is an X -ray examination of the mammary gland, which can help detect breast cancer at an early stage, before it can be felt. It is recommended that women begin to do mammography at the age of 40 and repeat it every year or two, depending on their individual risk factors.
Clinical examination of the mammary gland: A clinical examination of the mammary gland is carried out by a doctor or other medical worker. They feel the chest for any lumps or other deviations.
Military gland self -examination: Self -examination of the mammary gland is a process in which a woman checks her breasts for any lumps or other deviations. Although the self-examination of the mammary gland is not a replacement for mammography or clinical examination of the mammary gland, it can help women find out how their breasts look and feel so that they can notice any changes.

B. Screening of cervical cancer:

PAP test: A papa test is a procedure in which the cells are taken from the cervix and are examined under a microscope for any deviations. It is recommended that women begin to make a papa at the age of 21 and repeat it every three years.
HPV test: The HPV test is a test that checks the presence of a human papilloma virus (HPV) on the cervix. HPV is the main cause of the cervix cancer. It is recommended that women over 30 years old make a papa test and a HPV test together every five years.

C. Screening of colon cancer:

Colonoscopy: Colonoscopy is a procedure in which a thin flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the rectum and colon to detect polyps or other deviations. It is recommended that people begin to do colonoscopy at the age of 45 and repeat it every 10 years, if the results are normal.
Sigmoidoscopy: Sigmoidoscopy is a procedure similar to colonoscopy, but it explores only the lower part of the colon. It is recommended that people begin to do sigmoidoscopy at the age of 45 and repeat it every 5 years.
Hidden blood test in Kala (Fit): Fit is a test that checks the presence of blood in the feces. It is recommended that people do Fit every year.
Multi -purpose DNA test in Colad (Cologuard): Cologuard is a test that checks the presence of DNA from cancer or precancer cells in feces. It is recommended that people do Cologuard every 3 years.

D. Spring of lung cancer:

Low -dose computed tomography (NDC): NDCT is an X -ray examination of the chest, which can help identify lung cancer at an early stage. It is recommended that people with a high risk of lung cancer, such as the current or former smokers, have made NDCK every year.

E. Prostate cancer screening:

Test for prostate -specific antigen (PSA): A dog test is a blood test that measures the level of a dog, protein produced by the prostate gland. The high level of the dog can be a sign of prostate cancer.
Finger rectal study (at): With – this is a procedure in which the doctor feels the prostate gland through the rectum for the presence of any deviations.

The decision to pass the screening for cancer should be made after discussion with your doctor, given your individual risk factors and the advantages and disadvantages of each screening test.

IV. Vaccination: protection against cancer caused by infections

Vaccination is a powerful tool for cancer prevention, especially cancer caused by infections.

A. Vaccine against HPV: The HPV vaccine protects the human papilloma (HPV) from the virus, which is the main cause of cervical cancer, as well as cancer of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and oropharynx. It is recommended that girls and boys receive a vaccine against HPV at the age of 11 or 12 years, but it can also be introduced to people under 26 years of age, which have not yet been vaccinated.

B. Vaccine against hepatitis B: The hepatitis vaccine in protects hepatitis B from the virus, which can cause liver cancer. It is recommended that all babies receive a vaccine against hepatitis B. Vaccine is also recommended for people with a high risk of hepatitis B infection, such as people who use injection drugs, people with several sexual partners, and medical workers.

V. Chemopophylaxis: the use of drugs to reduce cancer risk

Chemistry involves the use of drugs to reduce the risk of cancer.

A. Tamoxifen and Raloxifen: Tamoxifen and Raloxifen are drugs that can help reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with a high risk of disease.

B. Finasteride and Dutasterid: Finasteride and dutasteride are drugs that can help reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer in men with a high risk of disease.

C. Aspirin: Aspirin can help reduce the risk of developing colon cancer and other types of cancer. However, aspirin can also increase the risk of bleeding, so it is important to discuss with your doctor whether aspirin is suitable for you to prevent cancer.

VI. Lifestyle and cancer prevention: Creation of healthy habits

The adoption of a healthy lifestyle is one of the most important ways to reduce the risk of cancer.

A. Healthy nutrition: Healthy nutrition, rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, can help reduce the risk of developing several types of cancer. Limit the consumption of processed products, red meat and sugar.

B. Regular physical activity: Regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of developing several types of cancer, including cancer of the colon, breast, endometrium and prostate. Try to engage in moderate intensity of at least 150 minutes a week or an energetic intensity of at least 75 minutes a week.

C. Maintaining a healthy weight: Obesity is a risk factor for several types of cancer, including breast cancer, colon, endometrium, kidneys and esophagus. Maintaining a healthy weight can help reduce the risk of developing these types of cancer.

D. Refusal of smoking: Smoking is a leading cause of cancer around the world. Refusal of smoking is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of cancer.

E. Restriction of alcohol consumption: Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased risk of developing cancer of the oral cavity, esophagus, liver, mammary gland and colon. Limit alcohol consumption with one portion per day for women and two portions per day for men.

F. Protection from the impact of the Sun: The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and solariums is the main cause of skin cancer. Protect your skin from the effects of UV radiation, wearing protective clothes using SPF sunscreen with at least 30 and avoiding tanning solaries.

VII. Cancer prevention: individual approach

Cancer prevention is not a universal approach. The most effective strategy for cancer prevention will vary depending on your individual risk factors. It is important to discuss your history of the disease and risk factors with your doctor in order to develop a cancer prevention strategy that is suitable for you. This may include making changes to the lifestyle, passing screening tests, obtaining vaccination or taking medication.

VIII. Myths and reality about cancer prevention:

There are many myths about cancer prevention. It is important to distinguish facts from fiction in order to make reasonable decisions about your health.

A. Myth: Cancer is a genetic disease, and I can not do anything to prevent it.

Reality: Although genetics plays a role in some types of cancer, the vast majority of cancer cases are associated with factors that can be changed such as smoking, diet and physical activity.

B. Myth: Cancer screening is not needed if I have no symptoms.

Reality: Cancer screening can help identify cancer at an early stage when it is easier to treat. It is important to discuss with your doctor what screening tests are right for you.

C. Myth: Superfood products can prevent cancer.

Reality: Although some products contain antioxidants and other compounds that can be healthy, there is no evidence that any separate product can prevent cancer. The best way to reduce the risk of cancer is to adhere to a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

D. Myth: Herbs and additives can cure cancer.

Reality: There is no scientific evidence that herbs and supplements can cure cancer. In fact, some herbs and supplements can interact with cancer medicines and make them less effective. It is important to talk with your doctor before taking any herbs or additives if you have cancer.

IX. The role of research in cancer prevention:

Constant research play a decisive role in the development of our understanding of cancer and the development of new prevention strategies. Studies are focused on identifying new risk factors, developing more effective screening tests and determining new ways of cancer prevention using changes in lifestyle, vaccination and chemoprophylaxis. Participation in clinical trials and support for research organizations are important for promoting the science of cancer prevention.

X. Psychological aspects of cancer prevention:

Preventive measures, such as screening and a change in lifestyle, can cause anxiety and uncertainty. It is important to solve these psychological aspects, providing accurate information, supporting groups and promoting strategies for overcoming stress. Open communication with medical workers and relatives can help people cope with the emotional problems of cancer prevention.

XI. Ethical considerations in cancer prevention:

Cancer prevention strategies raise several ethical issues. This includes the justice of access to screening and preventive services, potential risks and benefits from preventive interventions, as well as the importance of making reasonable decisions. Ensuring that cancer prevention strategies are fair, based on actual data and oriented on patients, is important.

XII. The role of politics in cancer prevention:

Government policy can play a vital role in creating an environment that supports cancer prevention. This includes the implementation of measures to combat tobacco, promoting healthy nutrition and physical activity, regulating environmental impacts and ensuring access to screening and vaccination services. The lawyer of a policy based on actual data may have a significant impact on a decrease in the burden of cancer.

XIII. Cancer prevention: continuous process:

Cancer prevention is a continuous process that requires commitment to a healthy lifestyle, regular screening and awareness of the latest achievements in the field of cancer prevention. Remaining informed and taking active measures, people can significantly reduce the risk of cancer and improve their general health results.

XIV. Advantages of preventive measures:

Investments in cancer prevention bring numerous benefits. In addition to reducing the incidence and mortality from cancer, preventive measures can improve the quality of life, reduce healthcare costs and increase labor productivity. A comprehensive strategy for cancer prevention, which covers politics, programs and individual efforts, is crucial for improving the health of the population and reducing the burden of this devastating disease.

XV. Alternative and complementary methods: caution and evidence

Many people are interested in alternative and complementary methods for cancer prevention. Although some approaches, such as meditation and yoga, may have advantages for overall well -being, it is important to approach these methods with caution and based on evidence. It is important to discuss any use of alternative or complementary methods with your attending physician to make sure that they are safe and do not interfere with your standard treatment.

XVI. Disinformation dispersion:

Disinformation about cancer cancer is widespread on the Internet and on social networks. It is important to critically evaluate the sources of information and rely on reliable healthcare organizations, such as national

Leave a Reply Cancel reply